Heneral Luna

2nd video down there

Conspiracy Theory: Antonio Luna allegedly gave the country’s gold to the Cojuangco matriarch

In the end, Luna realized his mistake and dedicated himself totally to the cause of freedom and independence. Maybe that’s why Luna was so gung-ho about fighting—he was actually making up for lost time.

1. He was a scientist.

Antonio Luna poses with a microscope at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France (1890). Photo credit: Arnaldo Dumindin via philippineamericanwar.webs.com

Aside from his military prowess, Luna was also a very learned man. His paper on chemistry won him top prize while he was studying literature and chemistry at the University of Sto. Tomas.  After moving to Spain, he earned his license and a doctorate in pharmacy at the Universidad de Barcelona and Universidad Central de Madrid respectively.

Moreover, Luna’s scientific paper on malaria was very well-received and he was even given a commission by the Spanish to study tropical and communicable diseases. When he went back to the Philippines, he won the contest to become the chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila.

He was a brilliant writer.

Source: The Official Gazette

Aside from being a scientist, Luna was also an excellent writer. In fact, he wrote under the pen name Taga-ilog which he used to publish his articles in La Solidaridad while staying in Spain.

One of his works, Madrid Impressions, generated controversy after it criticized the Spaniards for looking down on the Filipinos. It also nearly resulted in Luna duelling the Spanish journalist Celso Mir Deas after the latter issued a racist-filled rebuttal againstImpressions. However, Mir Deas did not accept the challenge even when Luna spat and slapped him in the face.

Prior to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War, he also founded the newspaper La Independencia and became its editor and a regular contributor. One of his fiery articles denounced the Treaty of Paris, wherein he wrote that “people are not to be bought and sold like horses and houses.”

3. He was an expert marksman and martial artist.

Antonio Luna as a fencing teacher at the Sala de Armas, a school which he and his brother, Juan, opened on Calle Alix (now Legarda St.), in Sampaloc district, Manila. Photo credit: Arnaldo Dumindin via philippineamericanwar.webs.com

Of course, Luna was no armchair general who barked orders in the safety of his office. He was an avid student of martial arts and military tactics, having practiced the art of arnis, fencing, and shooting since his college days. It is said that Luna was prolific with the gun and rifle that he could put out a candle in one shot.

Upon his return to the country, Antonio and his brother Juan set up a fencing club calledSala de Armas which was located in Sampaloc, Manila. Incidentally, one of his students happened to be none other than Apolinario Mabini.

4. He and Rizal almost had a duel.

Alas, we could only imagine what would have happened to the country if these two great patriots killed each other, and for a love triangle of all reasons.

While in Spain, both men courted the half-French half-Filipina beauty Nelly Boustead, although it was soon clear that she favored Rizal. Embittered, a drunken Luna made some unsavory remarks towards her in a Filipino party where Rizal was also a guest.

The two friends exchanged heated words, with one of them (it wasn’t clear who) issuing a challenge to a duel. Fortunately, cooler heads prevailed and Luna apologized to Rizal as soon as he sobered up

5. He had a badass teacher in the art of war.

ike his fellow immigrants, Luna originally favored reforms rather than revolution. Nevertheless, he and Juan were imprisoned by the Spanish but were later freed. Upon his release, Luna—repentant for rejecting an earlier offer to join the Revolution—went to Belgium and studied the art of war under General Gerard Leman.

Under Leman’s tutelage, Luna soaked up guerrilla warfare, fortifications and everything else under the subject of military science before coming back to the Philippines. Leman himself outlived his pupil and became the first hero of World War I after his forces stubbornly resisted what would have been a swift German victory and allowed the Allies precious time to mobilize their own forces.

6. He wanted a pre-emptive strike on the Americans.

Like Mabini, Luna correctly suspected that the Americans were not there as liberators, but as substitutes for the Spanish. He deduced that the only way to win against the Americans was to execute a pre-emptive attack on their troops before more could land in Manila

However, his plan was rejected by Aguinaldo and his associates who continued to believe in the Americans’ good intentions. This very unwise decision allowed the Americans to start and dictate the war on their own terms.

7. He helped establish the first military academy for Filipinos.

A company of Filipino soldiers originally in the Spanish service (1898). Photo credit: Arnaldo Dumindin via philippineamericanwar.webs.com

A precursor to today’s Philippine Military Academy, the Academia Militar was Luna’s brainchild.

Due to his desire to build a professional army, he gained permission from Aguinaldo to set up a military academy in Malolos. He recruited veteran officers of the Filipino-Spanish War as instructors and instilled a strong sense of discipline among the recruits which also included soldiers from the same war. He wanted the men to discard their clan loyalties and look beyond their regional ties. During this time, he also stockpiled arms and weapons and improved the logistics of the Filipino forces.

8. He had his own elite group of soldiers.

Although Antonio Luna wanted to turn the Philippine Army—at the time composed mostly of untrained volunteers—into a real professional fighting force, the outbreak of the Philippine-American War prevented him from training everyone.

Instead, he took to instructing a small group of soldiers into becoming his own personal professional sharpshooters. Known as the ‘Luna Sharpshooters,’ this group of deadly marksmen achieved a reputation for fighting fiercer than the rest of their compatriots.

Luna also formed similar units under his different commanders. One of them, the“Tiradores de la Muerte” (Riflemen of Death) under General Licerio Geronimo, was responsible for killing General Henry Ware Lawton, the highest-ranking American casualty of the war.

9. He created the Luna Line.

Group showing General Manuel Tinio (seated, center), General Benito Natividad (seated, 2nd from right), Lt. Col. Jose Alejandrino (seated, 2nd from left) and their aides-de-camp. Photo credit: Arnaldo Dumindin via philippineamericanwar.webs.com

With the help of his aide, the Chief of the Army Engineers General Jose Alejandrino, Luna constructed a series of three-layered bamboo trenches which came to be known as the Luna Line.

American soldiers who came upon the trenches were amazed at the constructions, which stretched for several miles from town to town. And even when they finally took the trenches, they still had to contend with the traps—which included bamboo spikes and poisonous snakes—which the wily Filipinos had carefully hidden.

10. He planned to build a guerrilla fortress in the Mountain Province.

Insurgent (Filipino) soldiers in the Philippines, 1899. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Of course, the defensive lines were just a precursor to Luna’s grand plan: an impenetrable guerrilla fortress in the elevated terrains of the Mountain Province. This fortress would be self-sufficient and serve as the rebels’ base of operations with which to attack Manila and other American-occupied areas.

With the rebels safely protected in the mountains, Luna could wage a protracted guerrilla war which he hoped would persuade the American public to recall their soldiers. Again, this was rejected by Aguinaldo. Chief engineer Alejandrino remarked that if they had built it, then El Presidente would not have been running for his life in the mountains.

11. A bag of coins stopped a bullet from killing him.

Via Wikimedia Commons.

One of the most fortuitous events in Luna’s life happened during the Battle of Sto. Tomas. Charging with his horse against the American lines, Luna fell to the ground when he was hit by an American bullet to the stomach. Seeing that the Americans were advancing, he prepared to kill himself with a revolver to avoid capture.

Luckily, he was saved by the horse-riding Colonel Alejandro Avecilla who took him to safety. Upon reaching friendly lines, he checked his wound one more time and realized that the bag of coins he had been carrying stopped the bullet from completely penetrating his stomach.

12. He was frightening even in death.

Ang pabalat ng pananaliksik ni Antonio Abad, “Ang Mahiwagang Pagkamatay ni Hen. Antonio Luna.” Mula kay Dr. Vic Torres (via It’s XiaoTime!).

Luna was right to call his murderers “Assassins and cowards.” Ganging up on him, they inflicted more than 40 bullet and stab wounds on the hapless general, causing his intestines to hang out of his abdomen. Through it all, Luna fought back and tried to aim his revolver at his assailants. In defiance, he continued gritting his teeth and clenching his fist in anger even when he slumped to the ground.

Before he finally died, he instinctively turned to his right side. The reflex scared his attackers—who thought that Luna might get up—that those in the front quickly stepped back, causing those behind them to fall down. If anything, the incident shows not just how cowardly his assassins were, but also how fearsome Luna was to the very end.

13. Even the Americans admired him.

Major General Frederick Funston

ven though the Americans had a low regard for the Filipino rebels, their generals still held a begrudging respect for Luna.

After hearing of his untimely death, many paid tribute to the fallen general. General Frederick Funston, the man who planned the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo, remarked that he was “the ablest and most aggressive leader of the Filipino Republic.”

Another, General James Franklin Bell, said that he “was the only general the Filipino army had.” Perhaps the most fitting statement of all would come from General Hughes: “The Filipinos only had one general, and they have killed him.”